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Tonsils & Adenoids & Palate & PharynxGozal, David. “Sleep-Disordered Breathing and School Performance in Children.” Pediatrics, vol. 102, no. 3, 1998, pp. 616–620. Lee HS, Yoon HY, Jin HJ, Hwang SH. The safety and efficacy of powered intracapsular tonsillectomy in children: A meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(3):732‐744. doi:10.1002/lary.26886 Rubenstein BJ, Derkay CS. Rethinking Surgical Technique and Priorities for Pediatric Tonsillectomy. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2017; 38(2): 233-236. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Colborn DK, Bernard BS, Rockette HE, Kurs-Lasky M. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in moderately affected children. Pediatrics, 110 Number 1, pgs 7-15, 2002 In a previous trials on children severely affected with recurrent tonsillar infection, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) was justified. However, current publication by the same authors demonstrated only modest benefit in mild to moderately affected children and claim that risk of surgery is not justified. Lowe D, van der Meulen J, Cromwell D, Lewsey J, Copley L, Browne J, Yung M, Brown P.Key messages from the National Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit. Laryngoscope. 117:717-24, 2007. A national audit in England and Northern Ireland on post-operative hemorrhage after T&A revealed 0.6% primary and 3% secondary hemorrhage. Diathermy methods had increased risk of bleeding compared to cold steel dissection and stitch method. Muzumdar H, Arens R. Diagnostic Issues in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 5:263-73, 2008. A thorough review of diagnostic issues from history and physical examination to the testing, including detailed information on polysomnogram (PSG) variables and its interpretation in children Goldstein NA, Pugazhendhi V, Rao SM, Weedon J, Campbell TF, Goldman AC, Post JC, Rao M. Clinical Assessment of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Pediatrics,114:33-43, 2004 This study was to assess the role of surgery on children with a positive clinical assessment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but negative PSG and demonstrated significant improvement after T&A as compared with observation alone, thus validating the clinician’s role in diagnosing upper airway obstruction. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Intranasal budesonide treatment for children with mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics, 122:149-55, 2008. This study demonstrated an improvement in OSA as per PSG and reduction of adenoid size with 6-week course of budesonide in children with mild SDB, and recommended that topical steroids should be the initial therapeutic option. Liming BJ, Ryan M, Mack D, Ahmad I, Camacho M. Montelukast and Nasal Corticosteroids to Treat Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019. 160(4):594-602. This paper examines the efficacy of medical management for mild OSA. Friedman M, Wilson M, Lin H-C, Chang H-W. Updated systematic review of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery 140:800-08, 2009 A meta-analysis of 23 studies on the treatment of pediatric OSA with T&A using PSG as metric of cure was conducted, which demonstrated that although complete resolution is not achieved in most cases, T&A offers significant improvement in OSA making it valuable first-line treatment. Chervin RD, Ruzicka DL, Giordani BJ, Weatherly RA, Dillon JE, Hodges EK, Marcus CL, Guire KE. Sleep-Disordered breathing, behavior, and cognition in children before and after adenotonsillectomy. Pediatrics, 117, Number 4, e769-e778, 2006 This study compares the pre-operative and 1-year post-operative assessment of behavioral, cognitive and psychiatric morbidity in children undergo T&A. Results indicate that pre-operatively, children with sleep sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) have significant neurobehavioral morbidity that improves after the surgery. Lin AC, Koltai, PJ. Persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and lingual tonsillectomy Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery 2009 141: 81 Persistent OSA after T&A is discussed in this article, with the experience on endoscopic assisted coblation lingual tonsillectomy improving the SDB in pediatric population. Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL, Giordani B, Garetz SL, Taylor HG, Mitchell RB, Amin R, Katz ES, Arens R, Paruthi S, Muzumdar H, Gozal D, Thomas NH, Ware J, Beebe D, Snyder K, Elden L, Sprecher RC, Willging P, Jones D, Bent JP, Hoban T, Chervin RD, Ellenberg SS. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT). N Engl J Med. 2013 368(25):2366-76. This study compares the clinical outcomes of adenotonsillectomy versus watchful waiting in children with OSA Campbell A, Costello BJ, Ruiz RL. Cleft lip and palate surgery: an update of clinical outcomes for primary repair. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2010 Feb;22(1):43-58. Review. This article provides an update on current primary cleft lip and palate outcome data and helps the reader in understanding outcome data and when making clinical decisions for patients with clefts Abyholm F, D’Antonio L, Davidson Ward SL, Kjøll L, Saeed M, Shaw W, Sloan G, Whitby D, Worhington H, Wyatt R; VPI Surgical Group. Pharyngeal flap and sphincterplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency have equal outcome at 1 year postoperatively: Results of a randomized trial. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005 Sep;42(5):501-11. An international multicenter randomized trial to study the outcome of two surgical procedures (flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty) for speech, incidence of sleep apnea, and surgical complications demonstrated no significant differences 1 year postoperatively. Rhinology & Sinus SurgeryChoanal Atresia Moreddu, Eric, Mark Rizzi, Eelam Adil, Karthik Balakrishnan, Kenny Chan, Alan Cheng, Sam J. Daniel, et al. 2019. “International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) Consensus Recommendations: Diagnosis, Pre-Operative, Operative and Post-Operative Pediatric Choanal Atresia Care.” International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 123 (August): 151–55. Cystic Fibrosis Kimple, Adam J., Brent A. Senior, Edward T. Naureckas, David A. Gudis, Ted Meyer, Sarah E. Hempstead, Helaine E. Resnick, et al. 2022. “Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Otolaryngology Care Multidisciplinary Consensus Recommendations.” International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 12 (9): 1089 1103. Inhalant Allergy Gurgel, Richard K., Fuad M. Baroody, Cecelia C. Damask, James Whit Mims, Allergic Rhinitis Seidman, Michael D., Richard K. Gurgel, Sandra Y. Lin, Seth R. Schwartz, Fuad M. Baroody, James R. Bonner, Douglas E. Dawson, et al. 2015. “Clinical Practice Guideline: Allergic Rhinitis Executive Summary.” Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery: Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 152 (2): 197–206. Epistaxis Tunkel, David E., Samantha Anne, Spencer C. Payne, Stacey L. Ishman, Richard M. Rosenfeld, Peter J. Abramson, Jacqueline D. Alikhaani, et al. 2020. “Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) Executive Acute Bacterial Sinusitis Wald, Ellen R., Kimberly E. Applegate, Clay Bordley, David H. Darrow, Mary P. Glode, S. Michael Marcy, Carrie E. Nelson, et al. 2013. “Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children Aged 1 to 18 Years.” Pediatrics 132 (1): e262–80. 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Microtia repair with rib cartilage grafts: a review of personal experience with 1000 cases. State-of-the-art autogenous ear reconstruction in cases of microtia. Robin Sequence Leu GR, Scott AR. A Standardized Care Pathway Following Mandibular Distraction in Infants Less Than 3 Months of Age. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2019; 161(5): 870-876. Pendem S, Jayakumar NK, Gopalakrishnan S, Arakeri G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical approaches for improving airway stability in infants with Robin sequence: Evaluating complications and outcomes. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024 Apr 10:S0266-4356(24)00079-2. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2024.04.003. Taufique Z, Ebert B, Smith EC, Zavala H, Scott AR, Roby BB. The Safety and Efficacy of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis Among Infants Less Than 3 kg. Laryngoscope. 2022 Jun;132(6):1295-1299. doi: 10.1002/lary.29877. Cleft lip and palate Yates D, Allareddy V, Caplin J, Yadav S, Markiewicz MR. An Overview of Timeline of Interventions in the Continuum of Cleft Lip and Palate Care. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2020 May;32(2):177-186. doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2020.01.001. Epub 2020 Feb 27. PMID: 32115348. Saal HM. Genetic Evaluation for Craniofacial Conditions. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016 Nov;24(4):405-425. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2016.06.001. PMID: 27712809. Velopharyngeal insufficiency Dyce O, et al. Otolaryngologic Manifestations of the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 2002; 128:1408-1412. Chernov ES, Taniguchi AN, Nguyen SA, Sutton SR, Pecha PP, Patel KG, Montiel M, Carroll WW. Surgical outcomes and revision rates for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in syndromic and non-syndromic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2024 May 1;45(4):104341. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104341. Arganbright J. Surgical Management of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2024 Feb;32(1):69-83. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2023.06.007. Epub 2023 Aug 9. PMID: 37981418. Rhinoplasty Shave S, Vella J, Chandy B. Pediatric Functional Rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg. 2023 Dec;39(6):660-667. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1772576. Epub 2023 Aug 24. PMID: 37619608. MiscellaneousAnfang RR, Jatana KJ, Linn RL, Rhoades K, Fry J, Jacobs IN. pH-neutralizing Esophageal Irrigations as a Novel Mitigation Strategy for Button Battery Injury. Laryngoscope. 2019; 129(1): 49-57. Cunningham MJ, Lin AC. Pediatric otolaryngology: The maturation of a pediatric surgical subspecialty. Laryngoscope. 2011 Jan;121(1):194-201. A wonderful review of the history of pediatric otolaryngology.Vandenplas Y, Rudolph CD, Di Lorenzo C, Hassall E, Liptak G, Mazur L, Sondheimer J, Staiano A, Thomson M, Veereman-Wauters G, Wenzl TG, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Oct;49(4):498-547. This is a comprehensive guideline discussing all aspects of GERD.Furuta, GT, Liacouras CA, Collins, MH, et al, Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: A systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 133:1342-1363; 2007. Otteson TD, Mantle BA, Casselbrant ML, Goyal A. The otolaryngologic manifestations in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012 Jan;76(1):116-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011 These 2 articles on eosinophilic esophagitis provide the learner with an excellent overview of the subject.Sharpe SJ, Rochette LM, Smith GA. Pediatric battery-related emergency department visits in the United States, 1990-2009. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):1111-7 Interesting information on battery injuries.Shprintzen RJ. Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: 30 Years of study. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14(1):3-10. Bull MJ; Committee on Genetics. Health supervision for children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug;128(2):393-406. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1605 Makishima T, King K, Brewer CC, et al. Otolaryngologic markers for the early diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009; 73(11): 1564-7.
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